Block and Tub Supplements for Grazing Beef Cattle

-->

Submitted By Eve H. Honeycutt, Extension Livestock Agent, Lenoir and Greene Counties

Adapted from the Texas Agri-Life Extension Publication E-178

Block supplements are a convenient mechanism for delivering supplemental nutrients

to grazing beef cattle. As the labels on most blocks or tubs state, they are meant to

be used as supplements, not feeds. Success or failure of a block/tub supplementation

program will depend on the availability of forage. If forage is limited or of poor quality,

self-fed blocks or tubs cannot make up the nutrient deficit and are not formulated to do so.

Blocks and tubs have become increasingly

popular because:

• They are easy to store and handle.

• They are easily accessible.

• They require little labor.

• Minimal equipment is required.

• Consumption is self-limiting.

Blocks are particularly appealing to owners of the smallest herds of cattle (fewer than 50 cows) and owners of large operations of more than 300 cows. Many small producers have off-ranch employment and like the convenience and comfort of knowing supplement is continuously available. Large operators use blocks because they save time and labor. 

As with other supplements, blocks and tubs can vary widely in their cost, ingredient

composition, nutrient content, storage requirements and consumption characteristics.

Blocks and tubs generally can be divided into three categories based on the manufacturing method used.

• Pressed blocks- these blocks are usually the least expensive.  The can soften in moist and humid environments, leading cattle to eat more than necessary.  Mature cattle generally consume 1-4 pounds per day, depending on the hardness of the block.

• Chemically hardened blocks- these usually have a high mineral content, which can cause objectionable flavors.  They can also deteriorate during prolonged inclement weather, especially if they are packaged in cardboard.  Mature cattle normally consume 1-3 pounds daily.

• Low moisture (cooked) tubs- These are the most expensive of the three types however due to their uniform consumption, the cattle tend to eat less, ranging from 0.5-1.5 pounds per animal per day.  These tubs will absorb moisture from the air, so the container must be rigid and kept upright.

Block and tub supplements are an effective way to supplement nutritional needs in cattle, but they are not a forage substitute.  Forage must be available in adequate quantity and quality for any supplement to produce the desired results.  Supplements should be made available as soon as protein or energy deficiency is suspected and before noticeable loss of body condition.  Blocks and tubs should be moved around within a grazing area and placed near water or loafing areas to encourage consumption.

Heifer Development Considerations

Information compiled from 2011 Requirements for “Show-Me-Select” Program and Sales, and Impact of Heifer Development on Reproductive Success, D.J. Patterson, Ph.D., University of Missouri

Submitted by Eileen Coite, Extension Livestock Agent, Wayne County 

On December 6^th, many of us attended the Eastern Carolina Cattlemen’s Conference in Clinton and learned about many topics useful to cattlemen, with one very unique presentation on heifer development.  Dr. David Patterson from the University of Missouri shared with us details of the Missouri “Show-Me-Select” Replacement Heifer program.  Objectives of this program are to: 1. Implement a Total Quality Management (TQM) strategy to on-farm heifer development, 2. Enhance marketing opportunities for and add value to Missouri raised heifers, and 3. Provide a reliable source of quality replacements based on management, reproduction, and genetics. 

When I think of these objectives and what Missouri has accomplished with the “Show-Me-Select” heifer program, I wonder if we should look towards adopting a similar program in North Carolina.  Let me tell you more about it, and give you something to think about too. 

There are several “requirements” to participate in the program.  To be an eligible producer with eligible heifers for the program, the following steps must be taken.  First, a producer must officially enroll, pay a $5 enrollment fee, and join one of the nine regions of Show-Me-Select Replacement Heifers, Inc. across the state of Missouri.  Next, producers must have owned the heifers enrolled in the program for at least 60 days prior to breeding, and they must be owned by residents of Missouri in order to sell in a sanctioned Show-Me-Select Replacement Heifer Sale.  All heifers must have a pre-breeding reproductive evaluation, specifically including measurements of their pelvic area six weeks prior to breeding. Additionally, all heifers must be included in a herd health vaccination program starting at weaning or before, under the guidance of a veterinarian.  Vaccinations for respiratory and reproductive diseases are a must, at very specific stages of their development.  Finally, a pregnancy examination must be done on bred heifers within 90 days of the breeding season.  Breeding dates, identification records, and fetal age must be recorded, and those that remain open or lose a pregnancy become ineligible for the program.

There are also specific “sale eligibility” requirements for the heifers.  Some of these include:  being enrolled at pre-breeding, be on a parasite control program, free of blemishes, horns or scurs, be a minimum of 800 pounds and be a body condition score in the range of 5-8 on the day of the sale.  All heifers will be inspected by a certified USDA grader for frame, muscle and body condition.  They also must have had a pregnancy exam within 30 days of the sale, confirming that they are “safe in calf” at the time of the sale.  Heifers in individual sale lots are grouped to calve within 45 days of each other based on expected calving dates.  Only heifers meeting requirements of the Show-Me-Select Replacement Heifer Program that are tagged and entered in the program database are eligible for certification, and a $10 per heifer certification fee is due as the heifer receives her official tag.  

The Show-Me-Select Program has earned many accomplishments for Missouri cattlemen over time.  Some of them are as follows:  There are nearly 100,000 heifers currently enrolled in the program, with producers being assisted by 205 veterinarians and seventeen extension livestock specialists across the state. Producers are now able to use resources and technologies for their on-farm heifer development that is also beginning to spill over to their cow herd management.  There is an increased interest and success in estrous synchronization and artificial insemination across beef herds, allowing for improved genetics and reproductive management, as well as increased value and sale prices of heifers. The program has provided a means for producers to sell over 23,000 heifers throughout Missouri and seventeen other states since the program began in 1997.

I hope you found learning about the “Show-Me-Select” ™ Replacement Heifers, Inc. program as interesting as I have.  We may want to consider a similar heifer development program in North Carolina someday.  If you would be interested in learning more about the program, details can be found at:    http://agebb.missouri.edu/select/

One man’s friend is another man’s farm hand

Submitted by Emily Herring, Extension Livestock Agent, Pender County
   “It’s me again, Hank the Cowdog, Head of Ranch Security.” 
 

  That’s how each book of the classic Hank the Cowdog series starts. The famous children’s book about a scrawny, bumbling cowdog who interrupts his thoughts more than he thinks them, and always seems to get into more trouble on the texas ranch than he does solving problems of missing cattle, chicken thieves, and coyotes. While this dog is the above average dumbbell, he is like any dog. He is loyal, helpful, honest, and willing to please anybody even if it means going up and beyond the call of duty.

  Though we protect our livestock with the best fences, keeping them in good health, and making sure they are comfortable; we cannot always be with them 24/7. With predators like coyotes, bobcats, wild dogs and other carnivorous animals are on the rise of invasion on account of drought, lack of food, or loss of territory.  Farmers are starting to look for guard animals that can not only defend itself but can fight off wild animals if the need arises. That is where “Man’s Best Friend” comes in handy. Dogs have always been a considered a “working animal” for humans for hundreds of years. Though it takes tons of training and plenty of time; guard dogs have started to make a comeback for farmers who want to stop worrying about their livestock when they are not presently with them.

  Their jobs are quite simple really. The main focus of a guard dog’s job is protection of property and livestock from intruders. Depending on the severity of training on the dog, depends on the number of fatal or near-fatal attacks on livestock. Most farmers train their own dogs to guard while others purchase a dog that has already been trained by professional trainers. Some farmers keep their dogs in the pastures with the livestock so as they will be close-by at all times when there is no one else around. Other owners simply train their dogs to watch and protect along the perimeter of the farm property so not only can they watch livestock, but also let farmers know when cars approach and even protect young children from danger.

  Size is another factor in the livestock protection business. Small dogs like Jack Russell terriers, are mostly used to keep small animals like possums, raccoons, foxes, and rats that are susceptible to diseases away from the livestock; and larger dogs like Rottweiler’s or Great Pyrenees’ are perfect for fighting off larger animals like coyotes or bobcats.

  Though the number of working dog breeds is miles wide, the number of breeders who specifically raise dogs for guarding purposes is very rare in the area. The best way for finding the right dog for your farm is by looking through online websites, magazines, newspapers, and even at your local feed stores where people have posted flyers of certain working dog breeds. If you have a specific breed you are looking for; it is best to do some research on the breed of dog to see if that breed is perfect for your lifestyle and family.

  Guard dogs are not a guarantee that predator invasion will diminish; but they will give you the satisfaction and peace of mind knowing that your livestock, whether cattle, sheep, or goats, will have someone there to help them if any trouble comes. Yes, when it comes to having a guard dog for “Ranch Security”, we can be sit back, relax, and be worry-free. And as Hank would say after a good day’s work,

  “Case Closed.”  

Common Cattle Diseases and Treatments

By Eve H. Honeycutt

Extension Livestock Agent, Lenoir and Greene Counties

There are many common cattle diseases that occur in eastern North Carolina cow/calf herds.  Below is a discussion of two of these diseases, possible treatments, and advice on veterinary care.

PINKEYE

Pinkeye is one of the most common diseases in cattle.  It can affect all ages of cattle and it is highly contagious.  Multiple strains of bacteria can cause the disease, and it can be difficult to determine which one is the culprit in your herd.  In the early stages of pinkeye, the animal will be very sensitive to light, and you may see a bluish spot on the lens of the eye, followed by watery discharge.  Once the animal has pinkeye, it will be bothered easily by vectors such as flies, dust, and tall grass seedheads. 

Treating Pinkeye:

Pinkeye can be treated with over the counter medication such as LA-200 or penicillin.  If these treatments do not improve the eye, a vet should tend to the eye in order for the animal to recover.  Over the counter treatments or home remedies that involve powder, sprays, or salt should not be used due to the irritating nature of these products.  Cancer eye should not be confused with pinkeye, since cancer eye is much more serious and usually is first noticed by lumps or bumps growing around the eye.  Animals with cancer eye or pinkeye should not be taken to a stockyard in order to safeguard the human food supply and prevent other animals from contracting the diseases. 

CALF DIARRHEA/SCOURS

Calf scours is one of the most common diseases in newborn calves.  Contrary to popular belief, it is impossible to tell what bacteria is affecting the animal based solely on the color of the feces.  However, a good guess can be made about the possible bacteria present based on other factors.  If the scours occurs in a calf less than 10 days old, the bacteria present is probably E. Coli, Rotavirus, or Coronavirus.  Cryptosporidium is a protozoa that can cause scours in calves at 5-35 days of age.  Salmonella is severe bloody diarrhea and a high body temperature.  Calves less than 21 days old will not be troubled by Coccidia because of the incubation period of the disease in the calf’s body.  When treating calf scours, it is important for the animal to continue to drink (or be forced to drink) milk to prevent further dehydration and provide adequate nutrition.  Because of the diarrhea, metabolic acidosis may occur which will cause the animal to breathe heavily.  If the calf is lying on the ground and willing to accept your intervention, then it should be treated.  If the animal readily gets up to follow its mother, even with diarrhea, then it will most likely recover quickly.

Treating Calf Scours (Clell V. Bagley, DVM, Extension Veterinarian, Utah State University):

There are a variety of fluid and electrolyte formulas available and most will work to some extent. Consult with your veterinarian about his choice and why. If the products are not working, re-evaluate with him again. Some formulas also contain a gel substance which helps to add bulk and may absorb some toxins (poisons) from the gut. Most calves with scours tend to be acidotic (their system is too acid). It will help these calves to receive electrolytes that are alkaline (basic) in nature for 24–36 hours. After that they should be changed to non-alkaline electrolytes.

If being used with or near milk feeding, an acetate form should be used. If this is not a problem them bicarbonate or lactate can be used. The use of systemic antibiotics by injection may also be of benefit if a bacterial infection has become generalized in the calf’s body. The major problem encountered in treatment with fluids and electrolytes is that producers give too little, too late. Plan to give 2 qts., 2–4 times per day. Determine the frequency of treatment needed by the amount of dehydration present; this is evidenced by sinking of the eyes and elasticity of skin on the neck and withers. Don’t mix the fluid and electrolytes with milk; that prevents curd formation and the milk is then of no benefit. If you are feeding milk, wait for 15–20 minutes before giving the fluid and electrolytes.

Hardware Disease In Cattle

By: Margaret A. Bell, Livestock Agent – Craven & Jones Counties

Adapted from: ‘Hardware Disease in Cattle’ from Michigan Extension

Have you ever heard of Hardware Disease? Did you know that it could cause serious problems with your cattle’s health? Hardware Disease is when some type of sharp objet pierces the wall of the stomach and then has access to the heart. Then the object may pierce the heart sac causing even more problems.

So, what symptoms will your cows have if they have Hardware Disease? They will be depressed, have a poor appetite and will most likely be reluctant to move. Cattle may also have indigestion, or show signs of bloat. These symptoms may disappear but will most likely show back up within the next seven days. If you suspect Hardware Disease in your cow and the animal is slaughtered, it is possible to find a wire of nail that is poking through the reticulum wall. A cow has four compartments to its stomach and the reticulum is one of those four compartments.

What type of treatment is there for Hardware Disease? Treatment for this disease varies from animal to animal. If the animal is extremely valuable, you may consult with your veterinarian to see if a rumenotomy is recommended. This is when your veterinarian approaches the problem surgically to the reticulum. Also, they may palpate the area to verify a foreign object or some type of adhesions. If any object is found, it is possible for your veterinarian to make an incision into the wall of the animal’s ruminal wall and manually remove the object. Much care are needed with all of the above options, so please consult with your veterinarian and make sure you have a good patient – client – veterinarian relationship. Another option in a case where the animal is not exceptionally valuable would be to slaughter the animal and try to diagnose the problem that way and use it as an example for future possible cases of Hardware Disease in your herd.

As for prevention, a popular way routine is to use magnets in the reticulum. As with other procedures, it is recommended you ask your veterinarian to perform this procedure. The goal of the magnet is that it simply keeps foreign objects that are metallic and they will adhere together in a ball. This will reduce the chances that this object will penetrate the reticulum wall causing major medical problems.

The prognosis of Hardware Disease varies due to several factors. The main factor is how much infection is present and how long the animal has had the foreign object. However, if this is caught early enough, sometimes it can be fixed and the animal will live a normal life after.

Supplementing Cattle on Drought-affected Pastures

Submitted by Eve H. Honeycutt, Livestock Agent, Lenoir and Greene Counties

 Adapted from an article by Greg Lardy, Extension Beef Specialist, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, North Dakota State University

As I write this, it is too early to tell if the recent rain will do enough to improve the effects of the recent dry, hot weather on our forage crops.  With any luck, there will be more rain in the near future to increase soil moisture and forage yield.  But just in case, I thought some good information about drought affected pastures would benefit those of you with grazing animals.  Cattle producers generally have two main options for meeting the nutrient requirements of cattle on drought affected pastures and ranges. The first is to provide supplemental feed to ensure the cow herd has adequate energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals. The second is to reduce the nutrient requirements of the cow to a point where they can be met with available forage.

Drought-affected pastures generally do not produce adequate forage to maintain "normal" stocking rates, so producers must provide supplemental energy to meet the needs of the cow herd. Pastures that are dormant due to drought conditions may be low in vitamin A, phosphorus, and protein.  Meeting the need for these nutrients is important if cow herd productivity is to be maintained.  Reductions in stocking rate will benefit plants by reducing stress and will also provide more forage for the remaining cattle. When stocking rates are reduced in accordance with production, only small effects on weaning weight may be noted.

Providing Supplemental Feeds During a Drought

Minerals. Provide the same salt and mineral mixture during drought as you would during normal conditions. However, during drought phosphorus supplementation is critical.  A mixture of 50 percent trace mineralized salt and 50 percent dicalcium phosphate supplied free choice to the cow herd will meet the phosphorus requirement. The salt mixture should be placed close to stock watering locations.

Vitamin A. Lack of vitamin A may be a problem during fall and winter for cows that grazed drought-affected pastures during summer. Vitamin A is lacking in forages during drought and hay produced from drought-affected forages. Cows should receive vitamin A and D booster shots approximately 30 days prior to calving and their calves should receive vitamin A and D at birth.

Protein. Pastures dormant due to drought conditions may be deficient in protein. If these conditions occur during the breeding season, reductions in pregnancy rate can occur. Provide dry cows with approximately 0.5 to 0.75 pounds of supplemental crude protein and lactating cows with 0.9 to 1.2 pounds of supplemental crude protein per day. This can be fed as approximately 1 to 1.5 pounds of soybean meal for dry cows and 2 to 2.5 pounds of soybean meal for lactating cows. Protein supplementation may be necessary for optimum breeding rates during drought conditions. Alfalfa hay, sunflower meal, safflower meal, as well as other protein meals may also be used as protein supplements.

Energy. Since forage production is generally limited during a drought, energy may be the most limiting nutrient for grazing cattle. Several options are available for supplying energy to cattle on drought-stressed pasture. Hay, grain, and crop processing byproducts can all be used to supply energy to grazing cattle.

Grain processing coproducts, such as wheat midds, soyhulls, barley malt sprouts, beet pulp, and corn gluten feed, which contain highly digestible fiber provide energy while alleviating much of the negative impact that grain supplementation has on fiber digestibility. In addition, these byproducts provide protein which may also be limiting in drought-stressed forages.

Drylot Feeding. If pasture conditions are extremely poor, producers may consider feeding cows in drylot. This may be more cost effective than supplementation if large amounts of supplement must be transported and fed to cows daily. In addition, it may allow pastures a much needed rest period to begin recovering from the drought.

Consider Beef Marketing Options

submitted by

Eileen A. Coite,, Extension Livestock Agent,

Wayne County

So, how do you market your beef?  There are so many options today, and lately beef prices have been high enough that everyone has benefitted, but will that trend continue?  Some say that prices have peaked and may not continue on this level.  Let’s take a look at many of the options available to producers today, and give thought to which might be the best choice for your situation. 

Many producers don’t give much thought into strategic marketing.  If its time to market a few calves or the bank account has dropped a bit, and its sale day at the weekly livestock auction, maybe its time to load up and head over there. This might not be a bad idea, but is it always the best choice?  That is a decision all producers have to make, and having this flexible option is great, especially when prices are high.  As I write this article, 5 weight steer calves brought on average 1.40 per pound this week.  Heifers brought 1.26.  Cull cows brought nearly 70 cents, and bulls brought 94 cents.  So if you are marketing cattle things are looking good right now.  What about when its not?

Marketing options increase for producers that follow a more stringent management system in their herd.  Things like having a designated breeding and calving season to increase uniformity in calves, a vaccination and de-worming program to keep everyone healthy, and a calf development program to have them “bunk broke” so they will be on feed earlier once they get to their backgrounding destination. 

The weekly livestock market is a great resource and probably the most used marketing option for beef producers. It gives flexibility of bringing small groups of cattle that might not be the same age, size or breed. There is also flexibility of being able to drop calves off on any given week.  The downside of this is that producers must pay a commission fee to the market for this service, which is a small percent of the animal’s sale value.  An understandable tradeoff for the convenient service the market provides.  If your calves are not uniform, or are not on a healthcare/vaccination program they will still be sold.  However, premium prices won’t be paid if your calves have been vaccinated.

Another option is marketing at one of the NC graded feeder calf sales.  These sales are coordinated by a combination of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture, the NC Cattlemen’s Association, NC Cooperative Extension, and participating livestock markets. Producers still have the option of bringing any number of calves, mixed sexes, sizes, and breeds, but the sales are on designated dates throughout the spring and the fall.  Calves are graded by a NCDA marketing specialist and sorted by sex, grade, and weight into pens of similar calves within 100 pounds of weight.  Graded sales most often ask for consigners to notify ahead of time how many calves they will be bringing, and sometimes have other requirements, such as vaccinations, dehorning, castration, etc.  The plus to the graded sale versus the weekly market is that calves often bring a few to several cents more per pound. 

Direct farm sales and tele-auctions are another option.  Producers with large numbers of like cattle most often benefit from this type of sale, as they must fill a semi-truck with calves from one location.  Video and tele-actions often also offer a way for the buyer to see the cattle ahead of time, as representatives from NCDA, Extension, or otherwise qualified and trusted verifier can assist with visiting the farm and confirm the number, size, health and quality of the cattle for the buyer. 

Another option that has grown attention more recently are cattle marketing alliances.  Many producers have increasingly become interested in learning more about these and deciding to participate.  In alliances, several producers work together to market their calves, by having similar breeding season, health and nutrition program, as well as similar genetics. There are stricter guidelines for each producer to follow to become an alliance member, but there are advantages that come with the requirements.  This is another appealing option to the buyer, knowing that the calves will be more uniform and knowing the history of these calves.  Because of this, the cattle bring a premium price over the weekly auction market and graded sales.

So, remember, things are looking great right now, but as in most years, prices that are high in the spring will drop off in the fall.  This has been very predictable over the years with the basic rule of supply and demand.  Studies have shown that cattle prices usually peak in the months of March to May, but then usually bottom out around October. As you enjoy the high cattle prices right now, keep in mind the many marketing options that might benefit you when prices drop off in the fall, because as well all know, history often repeats itself. 

Getting That New Bull

Submitted By: Emily Herring, Extension Livestock Agent, Pender County

A good way to ensure you are purchasing a good, sound bull would be by making sure a Breeding Soundness Exam (BSE) has been performed.  If one has not been performed on the bull you want to purchase yet you could get a licensed veterinarian to perform the exam.  The BSE will determine the capability of a bull for breeding purposes. A standard BSE will consist of a physical examination, examination of reproductive organs, and evaluation of semen. A bull must pass a normal physical and reproductive exam, have greater than 30% sperm motility, and greater than 70% sperm morphology.  A ’satisfactory’ rating means that the bull has passed all three criteria and is able to service the herd. If the veterinarian was not able to pass the bull on all three guidelines but feels that the bull’s condition may improve with time, he will give a ’deferred’ rating. Then the vet may suggest that you have your bull re-evaluated within 60-80 days to allow enough time for new sperm to be created. An ’unsatisfactory’ bull didn’t pass the BSE and is not suitable for breeding. Breeding soundness exams are usually fairly inexpensive and would strongly recommend one especially if you are using a new or unproven bull.

When thinking about purchasing a new bull, a few things need to be taken into consideration: 

• Look at your herd and establish long-term goals. Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of what you currently have and look for a bull to improve your stock.
• Find a reputable source to purchase from. You are investing in genetics and health that will have an effect on your herd and profit for years to come.
• Pick a bull with enough stature to get your calves in medium grade with good muscling and length. Check feet and legs for structural soundness.
• Expected Progeny Difference, or EPD’s, are a set of numbers that will compare how one bull’s genetics matches up to others of the same breed. These numbers will determine a specific bull’s genetic value on traits like birth weight, weaning weight, and calving ease.
• Select a bull that has either had a breeding soundness exam or is reproductively sound from external appearance. Avoid bulls with a small scrotal circumference or any obvious deformities.

There will be a Breeding Soundness Exam Day held at Harold and Jerry Flanagan's Farm in Farmville, NC on Wednesday March 16 at 9 am.  For more information, call Eve Honeycutt at 252-521-1706 or Jerry Flanagan at 252-341-2697.

Are You Overstocked?

Submitted by Emily Herring

Pender County Livestock Agent

Being a Livestock Agent I have heard this question several times, “I’ve got 10 acres of pastures, how many cows can I have?” and I have also heard “I’ve got 3 horses and 1.5 acres of pasture, why can’t I grow any grass?” Do you know the answers to these questions? Both of these questions have to deal with carrying capacity. The answers to these questions could be very simple or complicated; it just depends on a combination of different factors. Carrying capacity is defined as the stocking rate that achieves a targeted level of animal or economic performance over a defined period of time without causing deterioration of the pasture ecosystem. Stocking rate is defined as the number of animals stocked per acre of grazing land in a management unit for a defined period of time and is correlated with carrying capacity. Carrying capacity depends on several factors including- soil productivity, rainfall, and management ability of the landowner. If a producer has pastured land that is very sandy then in general it is safe to say the land is not the most productive soil type available for growing all types of grasses. Sandy soil does not have the capability of holding moisture because of the lack of clay in the soil and the size of the particles of the sand. This is a factor that is out of the producer’s hand, but is a deciding factor when determing pasture grasses to plant and management schemes for your operation. For example a sandy soil would be able to grow a warm season grass like Bermuda or Bahiagrass with proper management and would not be able to grow fescue. Therefore as a manager you could have summer grasses for grazing and would have to feed hay in the winter and/or overseed with ryegrass or a small grain for supplemental grazing. These things should be taken into consideration when deciding stocking rates. How do you know if you are overstocked? One way to tell is if the planted grass in your pastures is not present during the times it is supposed to be actively growing, then there is a good chance you may be overstocked if all other factors are not the problem.

Stocking rate is the number of animals on an acre of grazing land in management for a certain period of time. If Producer A and Producer B both have the same number of acres of Bermuda pastures, with the same number of cows, on the same type of soil and Producer A is able to run more cows per acre than the other with a healthy stand of Bermuda year after year, what other factors do could be in his favor than Producer B? The planning process of establishing pastures in the beginning has a huge impact on carrying capacity. Producer A could be taking soil samples yearly and applying the proper amount of nutrients and lime needed to help his bermudagrass grow more efficiently. He may have also anticipated on having brood cows when establishing pastures whereas Producer B anticipated having goats when establishing his pastures. Producer A could also have his pastures broken up into different fields for the use of rotational grazing with his brood cows and Producer B just allows the cows to graze the same pasture without rotation for the entire season. Properly fertilized/limed, what animals will be on the pasture, what stage of production they are in, and how you manage them on the pastures are all important factors that affect the capability of the pastured land to hold a certain number of animals. For help with determining your carrying capacity and stocking rate for your situation please contact your county Livestock Agent for assistance because there is so many different factors that determine your carrying capacity.

Length of Calving Season Can Affect Your Bottom Dollar

Submitted by:

Eve H. Honeycutt, Livestock Agent, Lenoir and Greene Counties

Adapted from an article by Barbi Riggs, Crook County, Oregon State University Cooperative Extension

Cattlemen are always trying to figure out how to increase profits from the herd. There are lots of changes that can be made, but only a few will actually yield a good result. There is a tool that some producers have not used yet that can significantly increase income and save labor. The length of the calving season can be managed to produce more pounds of calf at weaning and therefore increase profit.

Weaning of calves is typically done at a given date regardless of weight or age of the calves. Young calves wean at lighter weight than older calves simply due to age. For example, a calving season of 180 days results in calves that may have weaning weights anywhere from 320 pounds to 560 pounds and ages of 4 months to 8 months of age. Let’s assume that the average weight for this set of calves is 480 pounds. Total weaning weight for 100 hd of calves is 48,000 pounds. Now, let’s assume that this same set of cows calve in 60 days rather than 180 days. Weight for these calves range from 500-560 pounds and let’s say the average is 542 pounds. Total weaning weight for the 100 hd of calves is 54,200 pounds. The difference in weight is 6,200 pounds or equivalent to selling 11 more calves OR an extra 62 pounds per calf if breeding season is shortened. Another way to look at this, in the shortened breeding season, the producer could experience 7% reduction in weaning weights or calf crop to have the equivalent income as the lengthened calving period. Assume calves are selling around $100.00 per cwt, this translates into an increase of $62.00 per calf. The results of a similar scenario in regards to potential income will vary slightly dependent upon price of calves. Lighter calves do bring more money per pound however, it has been estimated that a uniform calf crop that is similar in appearance can optimistically yield a premium of $50-$70 per head, further supporting economic benefit to shorter calving seasons.

Shortening the calving season has other benefits as well. Calving season of 60 days means fewer nights watching cows and fewer days tagging calves. Calf loss due to negligence or lack or recognition of dystocia problems is less likely to occur. My experience is that the last few cows to calve have a tendency to not be watched as closely because focus is on other projects such as seeding crops or fertilizing pastures. By shortening the calving season we are less likely to be distracted. Having a calving season of 45-60 days will result in a more reproductively sound herd. The females that do not breed back within this structure will eventually fall out of the herd leaving only the most reproductively sound females and will propagate reproductively sound replacement heifers.

How do we accomplish a tighter calving season? The strategy will depend upon how spread out your current calving season is and the number of cows in your herd. If you are currently calving year-round, it may take a few years to achieve a 60 day calving season without too much loss of revenue. However, the first line of attack should always be with your replacement heifers. A producer should pick his target dates for calving and plan appropriately for the replacement heifers. Be sure to breed the heifers 3-4 weeks prior to the mature cows in order to allow the growing heifer ample time to recover from calving/lactation before the next breeding season.

Remember that tight breeding season means tight calving season. Although you have less time to watch cows, intensity of calving can be great particularly if synchronization was utilized. Management of a short breeding/calving season will be successful only if the producer is firm with the dates. Bulls must be turned in with the cows on the appropriate date and must be pulled at the appropriate date regardless of other obligations. Cows that do not breed and calve within the set season must be culled without exception.

Shortening the calving season is a cost effective program that can increase profit and reproductive performance of the herd with little to no extra input costs.

Natural vs. Organic Beef: Is it for your farm?

Natural vs. Organic Beef: Is It For Your Farm?

Guest Post:

Margaret A. Bell, Extension Livestock Agent; Craven & Jones Counties

Complied from: Natural and Organic Beef. Tom R. Troxel, Extension Beef Cattle Specialist. University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service.

Over the past few years, “organic” and “natural” have become household terms. But what exactly do these terms mean? Is organic nutritionally better for you? Should you only eat food that is labeled as “antibiotic-free” and “hormone-free?” Let’s dig a little deeper into what these terms exactly mean for you as a producer.

Natural beef has become a legitimate option for many beef producers. It often offers a higher premium ranging from about $4 - $8 cwt. for calves and $2 - $4 cwt. for feeder cattle. Of course, these premiums depend on many factors, including quality, quantity, and location of the cattle. This increase in the product is usually necessary to offset the extra cost of management practices used to enable the producer to market their product as “natural.”

If a producer wants to market his product as “natural,” he has to do several things: 1) the product is to be processed as minimally as possible 2) the product is not allowed to have any artificial ingredients 3) the product is not allowed to contain any preservatives. However, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has no restrictions on the specific management practices during the life of the animal.

Organic beef is a term used to describe beef cattle that have not had any antibiotics or growth hormones. This type of beef is produced without using most common pesticides or fertilizers that are made from synthetic ingredients. One of the most credible ways to have your product labeled as organic is to get the “USDA ORGANIC” seal on your product, which means the product is at least 95 percent organic.

There are many management requirements you must consider if you are thinking about producing organic beef. You must abide by the following: 1) animals must be not given any antibiotics or growth hormones 2) producers are to give their animals 100 percent organic feed, but are allowed to provide vitamin and mineral supplements to the animals 3) preventive management practices will be used to keep the animals healthy, such as vaccines. However, the USDA does not make any claims that food produced organically is more nutritious or safer than food that is produced conventionally. The difference is how organic food is handled, grown, and processed.

In summary, if you are considering becoming an organic beef or natural beef producer, there are many options to consider and many factors to think about. Only you can decide what is best for you and your beef cattle, but the organic and natural beef markets will continue to thrive for the next few years. This may be a good opportunity for you to increase the value of your cattle and the return on your cattle. If you have any questions, you can contact your local Cooperative Extension Office.

Criteria for Culling Cattle- a new approach

A New Culling Criteria: Hair Coat Shedding

Guest Post:

By Eileen A. Coite, Wayne County

Compiled from: Differences in hair coat shedding and effects on calf weaning weight and BCS among Angus dams, K.A. Gray, et al.

It’s always exciting when we learn of new university research to pass on to you, the producer. After all, that is a big part of what Extension does. So, when I learned of beef cattle research being conducted in North Carolina and Mississippi that could impact management and decisions of cattle producers, I was excited to share the news. At our annual livestock agent training held each August, agents are given time to interact with one another and NCSU specialists, in an effort to gain the most up to date knowledge, practice skills, and share ideas. This year, amongst many presentations and workshops, we learned of collaborated research being conducted by the Department of Animal Science at NC State University and the Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences at Mississippi State University with regard to the impact hair coat shedding has on calf weaning weight and body condition score of Angus cattle.

Angus producers have long been interested in finding ways to help their cattle get through the hot summer with less stress and complications from the heat, particularly because of their black hair coat. Humidity in the southeast added to the hot summer temperatures creates risks of heat related challenges for all livestock, but particularly cattle with dark, thick coats. For these reasons, researchers at NCSU and MSU teamed up to learn how much variation in shedding exists among purebred Angus cows, and the effects of this shedding on weaning weight of their calves and the cow’s body condition score. Researchers of this project adapted a scoring system to evaluate a cow’s shedding progress, referred to as a hair shedding score.

So what did they find? Through evaluating over 500 Angus cows in four different locations of MS and NC, cattle were grouped in five categories of shedding, ranging from a full winter coat to a slick, short summer coat. All cows weaned a calf at approximately six months of age and weaning weights were recorded and submitted to the American Angus Association. Data was analyzed to show how early cattle began to shed, an indication to how well adapted they were to the heat of the southeast. The study found that there was a definite correlation between speed of shedding and weaning weights, showing cows with slower shedding to raise lighter calves at weaning. The study states that there are many possible reasons why this relationship is present. One possible reason there is a connection between weaning weight and hair coat shedding is that prolactin levels in cows were affected. Prolactin is a hormone present in cows that affects lactation, but also has effects on hair loss. The study brought about possible conclusions that higher prolactin levels could influence hair shedding as well as milk production, leading into heavier calves at weaning.

The study concluded that even though more research is needed to fully understand this correlation, a conclusion was made that producers could lessen heat stress in their herds and improve weaning weights by culling cows that are slow or poor at shedding. Scoring cattle for shedding in late May or early summer, and removing cows from the herd that receive scores that reveal little to no shedding should increase herd productivity by increasing weaning weights of calves produced.